The origin of ascites in the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is mainly ovarian in humans. Prolonged HCG action affects angiogenic substances and improves follicular maturation, oocyte quality and fertilization competence in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Maspin overexpression correlates with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D in human ovarian carcinoma. Perifollicular vascularity and its relationship with oocyte maturity and IVF outcome. Divergent vascular mechanisms downstream of Sry establish the arterial system in the XY gonad.
The localization of estrogen receptor alpha and its function in the ovaries of postmenopausal women. Extensive vascularization of developing mouse ovaries revealed by caveolin-1 expression. Proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells in the primate corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and simulated early pregnancy. Power Doppler ultrasound assessment of ovarian perifollicular blood flow in women with polycystic ovaries and normal ovaries during in vitro fertilization treatment. Four-dimensional analysis of vascularization during primary development of an organ, the gonad.
Transient bilateral ovarian enlargement associated with large retroperitoneal lymphoma. Regenerating lizard tails: a new model for investigating lymphangiogenesis. Mid-luteal angiogenesis and function in the primate is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor. Growing teratoma syndrome of the ovary: review of literature and first report of a carcinoid tumor arising in a growing teratoma of the ovary. The presence of lymphatic stomata in the ovarian bursa on the European beaver as shown by scanning electron microscopy study.
An ovarian stromal tumor with luteinized cells: an unusual recurrence of an unusual tumor. The mammalian oocyte orchestrates the rate of ovarian follicular development.
Escobar Morreale. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for corpus luteum angiogenesis. Inhibition of delta-like ligand 4 induces luteal hypervascularization followed by functional and structural luteolysis in the primate ovary. Administration of moderate and high doses of gonadotropins to female rats increases ovarian vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 expression that is associated to vascular hyperpermeability.
Temporal and topographic changes in DNA synthesis after induced follicular atresia. Injection of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 into the preovulatory follicle disrupts ovulation and subsequent luteal function in rhesus monkeys. Suppression of tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling.
Preexisting lymphatic endothelium but not endothelial progenitor cells are essential for tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Advanced small cell carcinoma of the ovary in a seventeen-year-old female, successfully treated with surgery and multi-agent chemotherapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Massive ovarian edema in pregnancy after ovulation induction using clomiphene citrate.
Lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells contribute to de novo lymphangiogenesis in human renal transplants. Induction of endothelin-2 expression by luteinizing hormone and hypoxia: possible role in bovine corpus luteum formation. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF suppresses ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in vitro. Massive edema of the ovary: a report of two cases due to lymphatic permeation by metastatic carcinoma from the uterine cervix.
The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Quantitative cell composition of human and bovine corpora lutea from various reproductive states. The 3D vascular status of the follicle after HCG administration is qualitatively rather than quantitatively associated with its reproductive competence. On the presence and ultrastructure of valves in the lymphatic vessels of the canine ovary.
Vascular endothelial growth factor as capillary permeability agent in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Steroid hormones and brain development: some guidelines for understanding actions of pseudohormones and other toxic agents. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signal transduction blocks follicle progression but does not necessarily disrupt vascular development in perinatal rat ovaries.
Local regulation of corpus luteum development and regression in the cow: Impact of angiogenic and vasoactive factors. Regulation of corpus luteum development and maintenance: specific roles of angiogenesis and action of prostaglandin F2alpha. Biomarkers of lymphatic function and disease: state of the art and future directions. Poor responder-high responder: the importance of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in ovarian stimulation protocols.
Possible involvement of IFNT in lymphangiogenesis in the corpus luteum during the maternal recognition period in the cow. Fine structure and morphometric analysis of lymphatic capillaries in the developing corpus luteum of the rabbit. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in lymphangiogenesis in wound healing.
Plasma levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 may determine the onset of early and late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Systematic analysis of protease gene expression in the rhesus macaque ovulatory follicle: metalloproteinase involvement in follicle rupture.
Ovarian and uterine lymphatic drainage in Australian flying-foxes genus Pteropus, suborder Megachiroptera. A contribution to knowledge of lymphatic vessels morphology in the ovary of the cat. Growth and cellular proliferation of pig corpora lutea throughout the oestrous cycle.
Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C. Processing and localization of ADAMTS-1 and proteolytic cleavage of versican during cumulus matrix expansion and ovulation. Characterization of lymphangiogenesis in a model of adult skin regeneration. Metastatic breast cancer from gastric and ovarian cancer, mimicking inflammatory breast cancer: report of two cases. Immunohistochemical demonstration of lymphatic vessels in adult zebrafish.
Lymphatic-specific expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its dual role in lymphatic endothelial function. Postnatal development of the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus : its complete closure and morphogenesis of lymphatic stomata.
ADAMTS-1 is involved in normal follicular development, ovulatory process and organization of the medullary vascular network in the ovary. Targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor system to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Local adjustment of blood and lymph circulation in the hormonal regulation of reproduction in female pigs—facts, conclusions and suggestions for future research.
Retrograde transfer of ovarian steroid hormones to the ovary in the porcine periovarian vascular complex. The presence of the lymphatic stomata in ovarian bursa of guinea pig and the ultrastructure of ovarian bursa. The influence of pregnancy and hormone on the lymphatic stomata in guinea pig's ovary bursa. Three-dimensional imaging of Prox1-EGFP transgenic mouse gonads reveals divergent modes of lymphangiogenesis in the testis and ovary.
Survival analysis of ovarian clear cell carcinoma confined to the ovary with or without comprehensive surgical staging. Hormonally regulated follicle differentiation and luteinization in the mouse is associated with hypoxia inducible factor activity. Effects of inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor at time of selection on follicular angiogenesis, expansion, development and atresia in the marmoset.
Mesonephric cell migration induces testis cord formation and Sertoli cell differentiation in the mammalian gonad. Basement membrane protein distribution in LYVEimmunoreactive lymphatic vessels of normal tissues and ovarian carcinomas. Van Blerkom. The developmental potential of the human oocyte is related to the dissolved oxygen content of follicular fluid: association with vascular endothelial growth factor levels and perifollicular blood flow characteristics. Human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is associated with up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Prox1 function is required for the development of the murine lymphatic system. An essential role for Prox1 in the induction of the lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiodysplasia: from molecular to clinical lymphology. Angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum: simulated early pregnancy by HCG treatment is associated with both angiogenesis and vessel stabilization. Angiogenesis during follicular development in the primate and its inhibition by treatment with truncated FltFc vascular endothelial growth factor Trap A Luteal angiogenesis: prevention and intervention by treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor trap A Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Summary The authors report 14 lymphoscintigraphies of the ovary, 8 before and 6 after the menopause. References 1. J Chir Paris 3 : — Google Scholar 2. Semin Nucl Med 20—25 Google Scholar 5. Surg Gynecol Obstet — Google Scholar 9.
Br J Urol — Google Scholar Semin Nucl Med 42—53 Google Scholar Br Med J 5: Google Scholar Obstet Gynecol 4: — Google Scholar Am J Roentgenol — Google Scholar J Endocrinol — Google Scholar J Radiol — Google Scholar Paris, Masson Google Scholar Cancer 4: — Google Scholar Google Scholar Diseases of the lymphatic system in the abdomen rarely occur. When they do, they can be a product of either primary or secondary causes.
Primary causes are essentially due to a disruption in the development of the lymphatic system itself. These causes encompass congenital or developmental conditions. Secondary causes can be due to a result of other diseases. One primary cause of disease in the abdominal lymphatic system is lymphangiomas. Lymphangiomas are benign, thin-walled cystic masses.
The pathogenesis of lymphangiomas is hypothesized as a failure of newly developing tissue of lymphatic origin to connect to the main lymphatic system causing increased growth of lymphatic sinusoids.
The mesentery is the most common site of occurrence. Another primary cause is generalized systemic lymphangiomatosis. This disease happens in children and is an abnormality of the developing lymphatic system and increased growth affecting all body systems. One example of a secondary cause of disease in the abdominal lymphatic system is lymphangiectasia due to parasitic infections.
Components of the parasite block the lymphatic drainage, creating fluid build-up and an inability of the lymphatic vessels to contract. Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews. Annals of surgical oncology. The American surgeon. Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology. Plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology. Development Cambridge, England. Journal de chirurgie. Translational gastroenterology and hepatology. Science immunology. The British journal of radiology. Inflammatory bowel diseases. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. Clinical radiology.
Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Lymphatic Drainage. Free Review Questions. Introduction The lymphatic system is a system that drains the leaked tissue fluid back into the circulation. Structure and Function Structure The lymph capillaries are very fine vessels that form a massive network throughout the body. Laparoscopic PA node dissection is well described in the literature and can be performed either via the conventional transperitoneal route or via an extra peritoneal route.
Both routes require a high degree of laparoscopic training and is considered unlikely to replicate a systematic node dissection Pommel type A but rather an extensive node sampling Pommel type B1—2. A number of women will undergo surgery for an apparently benign ovarian cyst. Postoperatively, those women with confirmed malignancy can be offered staging including lymphadenectomy.
It is important to understand that lymph node status is not the only factor that determines the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. Many centres offer chemotherapy to women with stage Ic or above cancers, high-grade lesions and all clear cell cancers of the ovary [ 9 ]. However, node status is important for a number of reasons: it may influence whether or not chemotherapy is given, the number of cycles or types of chemotherapy and it may result in complete cytoreduction of the cancer.
Node status also partially determines the true FIGO stage and prognosis. The main finding showed overall survival was significantly better with the administration of chemotherapy. A subset analysis revealed that stage I patients with complete surgical staging did not benefit from chemotherapy contrast to patients that underwent incomplete staging [ 10 ]. Long-term follow-up of this study has confirmed these results [ 11 ]. It has been surmised that patients that have not being staged harbour more advanced disease, and therefore have a poorer prognosis and chemotherapy does not compensate for incomplete staging.
In older women with complex masses or those felt to have a high risk of cancer, an intraoperative frozen section histopathological analysis may be performed. This is equally important in determining which women should not be exposed to unnecessary surgery such as a para aortic node dissection. Laparoscopic staging is possible, though requires a high degree of specialist training. Several centres have reported on full laparoscopic staging and have found it feasible [ 13 , 14 ].
Chi et al. They found no difference in specimen sizes and lymph nodal counts. The laparoscopic group had levels of reduced blood loss and a reduced hospital stay. A case series by Nezhat et al. Robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery is an evolution of minimal access surgery rather than a revolution. Perceived benefits include three-dimensional vision, control of the laparoscope by the operating surgeon, more precise instrument movement and a shortened learning curve.
Perhaps, the biggest advantage is the use of instruments that fully articulate at the end in the manner of a human wrist allowing fine delicate movements. This is particularly important in the obese patient, where the increased thickness of the anterior abdominal wall produces an increased torque effect leading to decrease manoeuvrability of standard laparoscopic instruments.
Robotic platforms have been used in staging apparent ovarian cancer and appear comparable to laparoscopic surgery [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].
Maggioni et al. The women were randomised to either a random sampling of pelvic and PA nodal basin or systematic dissection pommel type A of the same areas. No significant difference was recorded in 5 years year overall survival The SLD group had a significantly longer operating time, blood loss and blood transfusion.
The goal of surgery in advanced ovarian cancer is to remove all visible disease including a removal of all enlarged lymph nodes.
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