During the Cossack-Polish War , Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and his army triumphantly entered Kyiv in December to the joyful welcome of the populace. His army cleared the city of Polish forces in , and Kyiv became the capital of Kyiv regiment. In , however, Kyiv was ravaged by the Polish-Lithuanian army.
After the Pereiaslav Treaty of , a Muscovite garrison was stationed in Kyiv, and a Muscovite fortress was built in the upper city. The Muscovite-Polish Treaty of Andrusovo granted Kyiv to Muscovy for two years, but the Muscovites managed to retain it permanently and had their control formalized in the Eternal Peace of Thenceforth until , Kyiv was an autonomous border town linked to the Muscovite-Russian state, the rest of Right-Bank Ukraine remaining under Poland.
Trading restrictions were imposed on Ukrainian merchants , while Russian merchants and artisans received preferential treatment and began settling in the city in increasing numbers. City-owned taverns an important source of municipal revenue were replaced by state-run ones. Outsiders and foreigners were allowed to reside in the city, changing its composition.
In monastic properties were secularized. In the late 18th century, Kyiv still consisted of three separate, fortified, and built-up settlements: Podil , which had its own town council magistrat ; the fortified upper old city, where the metropolitan resided; and Pechersk, around the Kyivan Cave Monastery and the Kyivan Cave Fortress completed in , where the Russian military and civil authorities were based from In Kyiv vicegerency was abolished, and Kyiv became the capital of Kyiv gubernia in The 19th and early 20th centuries.
It attracted new residents, many of them Poles from the Right Bank, and its population rose steadily, from 30, in the late 18th century to 45, in , despite cholera epidemics and a high mortality rate.
Urban reconstruction, planning, and development began in earnest, particularly in Podil, after the great fire of The Kyivan Cave Fortress was renovated and much enlarged in — Residents displaced by this construction moved to the newly developed districts in the Lybid River Valley and Khreschatyi ravine—upper-class Lypky, lower-class Shuliavka, and others.
Old roads were repaired and new ones were built eg, Khreshchatyk , Volodymyrska Street, and Bibikov [now Taras Shevchenko ] Boulevard in the s and s. The government and private individuals constructed new stone residences, churches eg, one at Askoldova Mohyla , ; the Church of the Nativity in Podil, , and public buildings eg, the Kyiv Contract Fair Building in Podil [] and Kyiv University [—43] in the classicist style.
The slopes of the hills along the Dnipro River were reinforced, and the first suspension bridge spanning the river was built in —53 destroyed in As a result of all this development, the once separate districts began merging, and the suburbs began growing. In the s and s, after the suppression of the Polish Insurrection of —1 , intensive government-directed Russification of the city and of Right-Bank Ukraine occurred in an attempt to destroy the power of the Poles there; Ukrainians and their traditions were greatly affected by this process.
The city duma a council based on the Russian model , which replaced the magistrat in administrative matters in and in judicial matters in , became dominated by Russian merchants. To promote Russification, the tsarist regime concentrated on education.
It brought in Russian teachers and opened Saint Vladimir University now Kyiv National University and a second gymnasium the first was opened in in , an institute for daughters of the nobility in , and a military cadet school in Russification of religion was fostered at the Kyiv Theological Academy , which replaced the Kyivan Mohyla Academy in In , the regime began publishing the Russian newspaper Kievskie gubernskie vedomosti three issues per week.
Despite Russification and repression, a Ukrainian national movement arose in Kyiv. In the late s and s, the khlopoman movement had a number of adherents among the Kyiv University students and other members of the intelligentsia, as did the Kharkiv-Kyiv Secret Society. The Ukrainophile student society, which later became the famous Hromada of Kyiv in , had among its members many figures who came to play leading roles in Ukrainian life.
In , Galagan College was founded; many of its teachers were Ukrainophiles. Kyiv became the center of revolutionary populism in Russian-ruled Ukraine; active there were such revolutionary groups as the Kyiv Commune —4 , the South Russian Workers' Union —1 , and Narodnaia Volia Kyiv grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century as a result of the general economic development of Russian-ruled Ukraine and the building of the first railway line, which connected it with Odesa and Moscow in — The most important economic sector in Kyiv continued to be trade, 50 percent of which was in beet sugar; Kyiv was the main market of the sugar industry in the Russian Empire.
In , there were 14, industrial workers and 30, artisans and cottage-industry workers. As an industrial center, Kyiv lagged behind such cities as Kharkiv , Katerynoslav , and Odesa, mainly because of its distance from the nearest sources of fuel coal and raw materials iron ore.
Its various districts and main streets were increasingly built up. The city expanded mainly westward, absorbing adjacent villages and locales Lukianivka, Shuliavka, Protasiv Ravine ; at the turn of the 20th century it had an area of 18, ha.
Limited public utilities were established in the central part of the city: a telegraph , street gaslights , a river water-supply system , city hospital , telephone system ca , electricity , horse-drawn streetcars , an electric tramway , the first in the Russian Empire and the second in Europe , sewage system , artesian water-supply system , and new river port Poor sanitation, water shortages, cholera, urban poverty, and substandard housing, however, remained major problems, and labor conflict over low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions was a common occurrence from the mids.
Many new buildings were erected in the s and s: banks, schools, libraries, a city museum now National Museum of the History of Ukraine , theaters, an opera house, two People's homes , , a public auditorium , hospitals, hotels, and a covered market.
Their architecture was, in most cases, an eclectic combination of styles, ranging from Renaissance to Art Nouveau and Modern. Russification did not diminish in the latter half of the 19th century.
It was even intensified after the Polish Insurrection of —4. The use of Polish was forbidden, and the government established a network of elementary schools , many secondary chools for boys and girls, and several Russian libraries and professional cultural-educational societies; it also subsidized a new newspaper, Kievlianin — In an attempt to counteract official Russification , in members of the Hromada of Kyiv created the Southwestern Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society , and in the Hromada turned the newspaper Kievskii telegraf into its semiofficial organ.
In —6, the imperial government forbade all Ukrainophile activities and outlawed the Ukrainian language see Ems Ukase , forcing the Ukrainian movement underground.
Thenceforth until the s, a number of illegal, mostly student, political and educational organizations existed in Kyiv; influenced mainly by the writings of Mykhailo Drahomanov , an entire generation of Ukrainian activists matured within their ranks.
The only legal Ukrainian-content periodical in Kyiv in this period was the Russian-language Kievskaia starina — , which was founded by the Hromada of Kyiv. During the liberal period after the Revolution of , Kyiv was the focal point of Ukrainian cultural, scholarly, publishing, and political activity.
In , a Prosvita society was founded; in the Ukrainian Scientific Society and the first permanent Ukrainian professional theater , Sadovsky's Theater ; and in , the clandestine Society of Ukrainian Progressives. Over 10 Ukrainian publishing houses were founded, numerous Ukrainian art exhibits were held, the literary-cultural Ukrainian Club was opened in , and a committee to erect a monument to Taras Shevchenko was struck.
The Lysenko Music and Drama School est became the main center of music education. In area it was the third-largest city in the Russian Empire. Kyiv as the capital of the independent Ukrainian state, — The newspaper Rada Kyiv was revived as Nova rada Kyiv. On 1 April , a massive Ukrainian national demonstration estimated at , participants took place. Several All-Ukrainian congresses followed; the All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Council was established; and education , art education , and theater arts education in Ukrainian and the Ukrainian co-operative movement flourished.
On 5 February , Bolshevik forces once again seized Kyiv, and a Cheka reign of terror ensued. On 16 December, the Bolsheviks again took Kyiv. The interwar years. Although Kyiv was rebuilt, its importance was diminished after Kharkiv became the capital of Soviet Ukraine in Kyiv was neglected, and its economy and population which reached , in grew at a slower pace than in the new capital and the cities of the industrial regions.
Kyiv remained, however, the focal point of Ukrainian scholarly life because the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences VUAN and numerous institutions of higher education were established there. It also remained the main center of Ukrainian religious life, particularly of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church , which was established there in Kyiv was also an important center of the literary and cultural renaissance that accompanied the policy of Ukrainization in the s.
The Neoclassicists and the writers' group Lanka- MARS were based there, and the important cultural journal Zhyttia i revoliutsiia —34 was published there. The famous Berezil theater was founded in Kyiv in and remained there until , and the All-Ukrainian Photo-Cinema Administration was relocated to Kyiv in Ukrainization was abandoned in the early s, and Russification of the Party and government apparats and of all educational institutions intensified.
In most post- secondary schools and professional schools, instruction in Ukrainian virtually disappeared, and by the mids Ukrainian was rarely spoken in public. Consequently Kyiv boomed, and its population grew from , in to , in , much of it fed by peasants fleeing from the impoverished countryside. This transformation and growth necessitated the construction of new public and residential buildings.
In —6, while the buildings and squares of the new government center were being designed, over two-dozen churches and other landmarks were senselessly destroyed in the old city, including Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery , the Church of the Tithes , and the Church of the Three Saints. Iconostases were removed from many churches, including the churches of Saint George and Saint Michael at the Vydubychi Monastery.
Several historic cemeteries, where many eminent Kyivans were buried, were desecrated and paved or turned into parkland. Nevertheless, public utilities and the railway and public-transit networks in and around Kyiv were improved; a second railway bridge and a new suspension bridge spanning the Dnipro , a large new train station in the constructivist style , a second airport , in Brovary , a kW radio station , an automatic telephone exchange , and a new thermal-power station were built.
The Second World War. Before their final withdrawal, the Bolsheviks mined many public and residential buildings and destroyed the three bridges spanning the Dnipro River , the railway station, and all railway shops, power stations, waterworks, and food and fuel depots.
The Germans occupied Kyiv on 19 September. Soviet mines began detonating on the 20th, and a huge fire raged for 10 days, destroying the buildings on Khreshchatyk and many adjacent streets. Under the Germans , limited Ukrainian nationalist activity was briefly tolerated. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church , Ukrainian Red Cross, and Ukrainian co-operative movement were revived and a military club was founded by the new German-approved municipal administration headed by Oleksander Ohloblyn and then V.
Bahazii and L. In October the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists — OUN Melnyk faction —created a Ukrainian National Council Kyiv , headed by Mykola Velychkivsky, but it was soon outlawed by the Germans, who began a campaign of forced labor, terror , and suppression throughout the country.
Kyiv Kiev is one of the more beautiful and one of the oldest cities of Eastern Europe and has played a pivotal role in the development of the East Slavic civilization as well as in the modern Ukrainian nation. Founded years ago, Kiev is the capital of Ukraine and Kiev region. The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kiy also Kyi , one of four legendary founders of the city brothers Kiy, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid.
The legend is widely recognized as a source of Kiev's mythology and, accordingly, urban naming. Kyiv was founded in the latter half of the 5th, or the early 6th century, and in its 1,th anniversary was officially celebrated.
Currently, Kiev is the traditional and most commonly used English name for the city, but in the Ukrainian government adopted Kyiv as the mandatory romanization for use in legislative and official acts.
Kiev is situated on the picturesque banks of the Dnieper river. Kiev metro is the best transportation service in the city. Interestingly, the name Kiev is derived from one of four legendary founders of the city whose name was Kyi.
It is one of the oldest cities in the entire Eastern Europe that probably founded in fifth century for the purpose of trade. Moreover, Kiev city is also famous for the tourism; it has many tourist's attractions including museums, park, natural landscapes and many more.
It is also known as green city. The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders. During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians Vikings in the mid-9th century.
Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In , after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital.
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